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- $Unique_ID{BRK03457}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Anemia, Aplastic}
- $Subject{Anemia, Aplastic Hypoplastic Anemia Aregenerative Anemia
- Panmyelophthisis Refractory Anemia Progressive Hypoerythemia Hemorrhagica
- Aleukia Toxic Paralytic Anemia Erythroblastophthisis Panmyelopathy }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National
- Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 83:
- Anemia, Aplastic
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Aplastic Anemia) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Hypoplastic Anemia
- Aregenerative Anemia
- Panmyelophthisis
- Refractory Anemia
- Progressive Hypoerythemia
- Hemorrhagica Aleukia
- Toxic Paralytic Anemia
- Erythroblastophthisis
- Panmyelopathy
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- While certain anemias are due to either excessive red cell destruction or
- a deficiency in the production of erythrocytes, Aplastic Anemia is
- characterized by bone marrow failure. A total suppression or aplasia of the
- bone marrow is typical of Aplastic Anemia. The disorder may be either
- idiopathic or the result of a toxic reaction to radiation, certain drugs, or
- chemicals. Rarely, the cause may be due to a tumor in the thymus.
-
- The bone marrow may be classified as hypoplastic or aplastic. Hypoplasia
- occurs when the marrow is defective or incompletely developed, while in
- aplasia, the bone marrow does not develop any new tissue.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Approximately one half of cases of Aplastic Anemia are idiopathic. In some
- instances, the disorder strikes suddenly and severely, but the onset is
- generally insidious. It may occur even weeks or months after exposure to the
- offending toxin.
-
- The patient may first become aware of the disease by the progressive
- onset of weakness, fatigue, and lassitude. Headache and breathing
- difficulties provoked by physical effort or exertion may also be present.
- Bacterial infections may be more frequent and severe than would normally be
- expected. While the signs of Aplastic Anemia vary according to the severity
- of the pancytopenia (deficiency of all the cell elements of the blood), the
- common symptoms associated with anemia are usually severe.
-
- Characteristically, the skin has a waxy pallor with chronic cases
- possibly presenting considerable brown skin pigmentation. Severe
- thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of blood platelets) may occur,
- with hemorrhaging into the skin and mucous membranes. Petechiae, pinpoint
- sized, flat round spots that are purplish red in color may be present.
- Confluent petechiae (purpura) may be the result of trauma. Other
- manifestations may include mucosal ulceration, tachycardia, and systolic
- murmur. Fever may be present and possibly the spleen and lymph nodes
- enlarged.
-
- Causes
-
- Aplastic Anemia results from an inability of the immature bone marrow cells
-
- to grow into maturity. Approximately one half the cases are idiopathic in
- origin. The idiopathic form is most common in adolescents and young adults.
- Commonly, the disease is associated with a triad of blood defects which may
- include severe anemia, leukopenia in which the number of leukocytes in the
- blood are reduced, and thrombocytopenia.
-
- Acquired aplastic anemia may be the result of exposure to chemical agents
- such as benzene, urethane, and inorganic arsenic, radiation, or drugs such as
- phenylbutazone, chloramphenicol as well as some chemical solvents and
- insecticides. Drugs implicated in causation of the disease include
- antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anticonvulsants.
-
- The exact mechanism responsible for these reactions is not clearly
- understood. It may possibly be related to a genetic hypersensitivity.
-
- A very rare form of Aplastic Anemia is Fanconi's Anemia which occurs in
- children with abnormal chromosomes. This familial type of the disorder is
- characterized by bone abnormalities, microcephaly, hypogenitalism and skin
- with a brownish pigmentation.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Bone marrow failure may also be encountered in renal failure, liver disease,
- endocrine disturbances, advanced malignancies (particularly with metastasis
- to the bone marrow), chronic infections, and certain hereditary disorders.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- When the cause of Aplastic Anemia is related to chemicals, exposure to
- radiation, or drugs, the source should be eliminated.
-
- The most effective therapy in the treatment of the disorder is
- transplantation of bone marrow; hopefully, the marrow of a patient's closest
- relatives will be compatible. Blood transfusions before a planned transplant
- represent a potential risk and should be used only if absolutely necessary.
- Antilymphocyte globulin may be the treatment of choice for patients older
- than 30 years of age. Androgenic steroids (e.g., oxymetholone) may also be
- effective in stimulating the bone marrow.
-
-
- When an immunologic basis for the disorder has been implicated as the
- cause, immunosuppressive drugs such as prednisone and cyclophophamide may be
- useful. Thymectomy may be beneficial in patients with thymoma.
-
- The prognosis in Aplastic Anemia is unpredictable. If it is possible to
- identify the toxin and thus eliminate further exposure, marrow production may
- recover. If the disorder is idiopathic, the disease may be more prolonged
- and the outlook less favorable; however, remission is possible. A general
- increase in tissue iron stores without associated tissue damage may result
- from transfusions. Superimposed infection (e.g., septicemia) may also occur.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Scientists are studying a new biotechnology product as a treatment for
- Aplastic Anemia. Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating
- Factor (GM-CSF) is being used as an experimental treatment for very severe
- cases that have not responded to other therapies. More research is needed to
- determine the safety and effectiveness of GM-CSF as a treatment for Aplastic
- Anemia.
-
- E(rGM-CSF) is being tested for use in the treatment of Aplastic Anemia.
- The drug is being manufactured by Schering Corp., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd.,
- Kenilworth, NJ 07033.
-
- Interleukin-1 Alpha Human Recombinant, manufactured by Immuex Corp., 51
- University St., Seattle, WA, 98101, is another biologic being tested by the
- FDA as a treatment in cases of Aplastic Anemia.
-
- Researchers at The Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, are conducting a
- study to determine the usefulness of bone marrow growth factor,
- granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for patients with
- Aplastic Anemia. Patients are eligible if the are 19 years old or younger
- and if they have failed to respond to ATG or if they have "relapsed" after an
- initial response. Anyone who is interested should contact the nurse
- coordinator for this study, Karen Dunn-Lopez at (617) 732-3315.
-
- Scientists in Germany have been testing various drug treatments for
- Aplastic Anemia and have determined that the addition of cyclosporine to
- existing drug therapies can be of great help, especially in persons with
- severe or very severe disease.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Aplastic Anemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Aplastic Anemia Foundation of America
- P.O. Box 22689
- Baltimore, MD 21203
- (301) 955-2803
- 1-800-747-2820
-
- NIH/National Cancer Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- 1-800-4-CANCER
-
- The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a
- computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many
- types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other
- types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the
- Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information
- specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer
- prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed. R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1106.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 885-9.
-
-